汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文

汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文
Contents
Abstract
1
Key
words
1
1.
Introduction
2
2.
The
formation
Causes
of
Chinese
Neologisms
3
2.1
Neologisms
from
foreign
languages
32.2
Old
Words
with
New
Senses
4
2.3
Neologisms
from
Chinese
dialects
5
3.
Features
of
Chinese
Neologisms
5
3.1
Freshness
in
Time
6
3.2
Freshness
in
Semantic
Meaning
6
3.3
transformation
from
Abbreviations
6
3.4
Culture
Loaded
6
4.
Existing
Problems
in
Translating
Chinese
Neologisms
into
English
7
5.
Strategies
for
Chinese
Neologisms
Translation
11
5.1
Literal
Translation
11
5.2
Literal
Translation
with
Adding
or
Interpreting
12
5.3
Transliteration
13
5.4Transliteration
with
adding
or
Interpreting
14
5.5
Diversified
Translation
15
6.
Conclusion
15
Bibliography:
17
An
analysis
of
the
Chinese-English
of
Chinese
Neologisms
Name:
No.:
English
Major
Foreign
Languages
Department
Supervisor:

Title:Abstract:
Language
is
a
rather
open
system.
With
the
development
of
social
life
and
human
development,
language
also
plays
an
increasing
key
role
in
serving
as
a
mirror
of
social
changes.
Chinese
neologisms
can
be
regarded
as
the
most
active
and
sensitive
element.
Ever
since
recent
years,Chinese
language
has
also
witnessed
great
changes.
Such
changes
mainly
result
in
the
increase
of
Chinese
neologisms.Faced
with
the
neologisms
springing
up,we
should
properly
translating
them
or
some
of
them
into
correct
and
idiomatic
English.It
becomes
an
issue
of
how
to
translate
Chinese
neologisms
idiomatically
and
remain
cultural
flavor
at
the
same
time.
To
cope
with
the
cultural
aspects
in
translation
of
the
heavily
cultural-loaded
neologisms,
foreinization
and
domestication
are
the
most
important
methods.
And
of
the
two
methods,
which
to
choose
is
another
issue.
This
thesis
attempts
to
seek
for
the
most
suitable
methods
to
get
the
unique
Chinese
culture
well-known
by
foreign
friends.
Key
words:
Chinese
neologisms;
translation
strategies
摘要：语言是一个相当开放的系统，随着社会生活和人类发展而不断变化。语言也是体现社会变化的一面镜子。中国特色词汇是最为活跃、最为敏感的元素。尤其是近年来，汉语也经历着巨大的变化。面对着如雨后春笋般大量涌现的汉语新词，我们应该将这些应运而生的新词翻译成准确并且地道的英语。那么怎么才能够把这些汉语新词翻译成地道的英语并且保留其文化韵味是一个问题。汉语新词的文化负载极为丰富，为了解决其翻译中与文化相关的方面，异化和归化是最为重要的翻译手段。而两者之间的如何选择是本文所讨论的另外一个问题。
本文试图寻求汉语新词翻译的最合适方法让外国友人更好地了解独一无二的中国文化。
关键词:汉语新词；翻译策略；
1.
Introduction
Language
is
dynamic
and
active.As
the
most
active
element
of
language,
vocabulary
is
sensitive
to
the
changes
of
society.
Every
day
or
even
at
any
moment
there
are
new
words
putting
into
use
in
languages
while
at
the
same
time
many
others
fading
away
from
frequent
use.
With
the
development
of
information
technology,
network
has
become
more
and
more
popular
.Internet
has
been
regarded
as
a
tool
of
communication
and
interaction.
Therefore,
it
is
sensitive
to
the
social
changes,
and
meanwhile
the
new
things,
concepts,
and
changes
need
to
find
their
expressions
in
language,
which
leads
to
the
appearance
of
network
neologisms.
The
appearance
of
new
inventions,
new
technologies,
new
concepts
and
new
social
phenomena
will
eventually
lead
to
the
emergence
of
neologisms.
After
entering
into
the
new
century,
the
development
of
society
has
accelerated
its
pace
and
the
communication
between
countries
becomes
more
frequent
than
ever.
In
this
era
of
information
technology,
the
Internet
has
become
an
indispensable
part
of
people＇s
life,
and
at
the
same
time,
it
also
produced
a
lot
of
colorful
Chinese
culture,
especially
the
unique
feature
of
network
language
and
vocabulary,
network
vocabulary
represents
the
life
of
contemporary
young
people
,and
meantime,
it
directly
reflects
some
social
phenomena
and
the
characteristics
of
the
times.
Therefore,
as
a
translator,
we
should
undertake
the
responsibility
of
translating
the
new
words
properly
into
foreign
languages
in
order
to
show
the
Chinese
culture
to
other
countries,
but
this
task
has
turned
out
to
be
a
great
challenge.
Although
there
is
no
lack
of
dictionaries
which
study
Chinese
neologisms
and
the
translation
of
network
neologisms,
it
is
far
from
enough
or
satisfactory.
This
thesis
focuses
on
the
translation
strategies
in
order
to
contribute
to
the
efficient
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
.
2.
The
formation
Causes
of
Chinese
Neologisms
There
are
three
main
ways
of
formation
of
Chinese
neologisms.
This
is
a
common
way
in
vocabulary
enlargement
especially
when
the
native
language
is
unable
to
meet
the
demand
of
the
new
trends.
2.1
Neologisms
from
foreign
languages
Compared
with
English
loanwords,
Chinese
borrowings
have
a
relatively
shorter
history.
Because
Chinese
is
a
language
with
a
quite
long
history,
it
is
giving
out
constantly
its
vigor
and
energy
to
foreign
languages,
while
Chinese
is
ready
to
absorb
nutrition
from
them.
Due
to
the
reform
and
opening-up
policy,
and
the
fast
development
of
mass
media
and
information
exchanges,
more
and
more
new
concepts
and
fresh
ideas
have
been
introduced
into
China
from
different
countries.
With
the
advent
of
these
fresh
things
and
concepts,
many
loan
words
have
become
a
part
of
Chinese.
Since
English
act
as
the
universal
language
in
the
world,
it
has
been
playing
an
important
role
in
our
life.
Therefore,
a
majority
of
loan
words
in
Chinese
originate
from
English,
and
some
are
from
Japanese
and
Korean,
or
other
languages.
Words
such
as
肯德基(KFC)、奶昔(milkshake)、因特网(Internet)、高尔夫(golf)
are
borrowed
from
English.
Words
such
as
料理(cuisine)、写真(photo)、便当(bento)、寿司(sushi)
come
from
Japanese;
words
as
大厨(chef),
香槟(Champagne)
from
French,
壁画(fresco),
走廊(corridor);
and
歌剧
(opera)
from
Italian,华尔兹(waltz),华氏(Fahrenheit)
and
闪电战（blitz）from
German;
as
well
as
甲板(deck)
and快艇
(yacht)
from
Dutch.2.2
Old
Words
with
New
Senses
Neologisms
can
also
refer
to
the
kind
of
words
which
add
new
senses
to
its
original
meaning.
Usually
the
new
senses
of
these
words
will
draw
more
attention
than
their
original
ones.
The
obtaining
new
meaning
involves
two
aspects.
One
is
the
change
of
word
meaning
and
the
other
is
production
of
new
meaning
for
the
old
ones.
The
changes
of
a
word’s
reference
from
a
certain
object
are
based
on
the
similarities
between
the
two
things.
When
the
word
emerges
for
the
first
time,
it
is
merely
used
as
the
name
of
a
given
object,
concept,
phenomenon
or
act,
so
it
only
has
one
meaning.
With
the
development
of
language,
it
gradually
obtains
new
meanings
and
therefore
becomes
a
polysemy.
The
development
of
word
meaning
from
monosemy
to
polysemy
generally
follows
two
processes.
They
are
radiation
and
concatenation.
An
important
process
by
which
words
enrich
their
meaning
is
radiation.
The
original
meaning
of
this
word
is
considered
as
the
central
meaning
and
the
secondary
meanings
are
derived
from
it
from
every
direction
like
rays.
When
the
monosemy
becomes
a
polysemy
and
its
meaning
is
extended
to
cover
a
broader
range.
Each
secondary
meaning
of
the
word
is
independent
but
all
of
them
can
be
traced
back
to
the
original
meaning.
Take
Chinese
words
“流产”
“下海”
“老化”
as
examples.
When
people
refer
to
these
words,
they
are
probably
not
so
sensitive
to
find
that
they
have
changed
a
lot
from
their
original
references.
In
the
late
1980s,
“下海”was
often
kept
being
talked
about.
But
now
it
not
only
means
the
popular
trend
of
professional
artists
take
work
not
related
to
their
professions,
but
also
means
someone’s
starting
to
take
up
business.
“老化”
originally
is
a
chemical
term,
which
means
the
chemical
change
as
the
result
of
time
passing
by.
Now
it
can
be
accepted
as
a
description
of
the
phenomena
of
becoming
outdated.
2.3
Neologisms
from
Chinese
dialects
It
is
well
acknowledged
that
there
are
a
large
number
of
dialects
with
certain
characteristics
in
China.
For
the
sake
of
convenience
of
communication,
the
standard
Chinese
was
established
on
the
basis
of
Beijing
dialect.
What
we
use
frequently
and
what
we
speak
on
formal
occasions
is
Mandarin.
But
it
is
also
common
sense
that
dialects
are
treasure
of
Chinese
national
language
as
well
as
the
Chinese
culture.
Words
and
expressions
from
dialects
inject
fresh
vigor
and
energy
into
Mandarin.
Local
dialects
are
among
one
of
the
causes
of
new
word
formation,
especially
the
dialects
in
economic-developed
areas
and
cultural
centers.

Usually,
these
areas
play
a
vital
role
in
social
progress.
For
the
convenience
of
population
flow
and
frequent
communication
between
different
areas,
people
are
willing
to
learn
from
each
other.
As
imitation
becomes
a
trend,
language
is
often
the
first
to
bear
the
brunt.
Adoption
from
other
dialects
is
one
of
primary
ways
to
enrich
Mandarin
Chinese.
The
words
of
a
certain
dialect
may
have
been
in
its
original
language
for
many
years,
but
they
are
newcomers
to
the
standard
language
system
in
the
country.
The
reform
and
open-up
policy
grants
the
southern
part
of
China
more
opportunities
to
have
contact
with
Hong
Kong
and
Macao
and
thus
Cantonese
exerts
strong
influence
on
the
language
of
inland
areas.
Many
Cantonese
words
and
expressions
lay
emphasis
on
commerce,
entertainment,
leisure,
etc.
Some
of
them
come
to
be
mixed
up
with
mandarin
and
become
very
popular
terms,
such
as
“侃大山”(chew
the
fat),
,
“大腕”
(big
shot),
“傍大款”(find
a
sugar
daddy),
“托儿”(sales
persons’
decoy).
These
phrases
have
appeared
on
newspapers
and
magazines,
becoming
common
to
social
life
gradually.
Some
instances
in
other
dialects:
Dialect
in
Northeastern
regions:
“草包”,
“忽悠”,
“奔头”,
“小样”,
Hebei
dialect:
“般配”,
Sichuan
dialect:
“摆龙门阵”,
and
Shanghai
dialect:
“捣糨糊”,
“毛毛雨”,
“宰客”,
etc.
3.
Features
of
Chinese
Neologisms
Through
a
close
look
at
the
Chinese
neologisms,
it
is
not
difficult
to
make
a
generalization
of
their
features.
Four
main
features
will
be
discussed
in
detail.

3.1
Freshness
in
Time
Chinese
neologisms
possess
many
features,
the
first
of
which
is
freshness
in
time.
When
the
neologisms
were
first
to
come
into
being,
they
took
the
fresh
meanings,
and
conveyed
the
new
information.
Nevertheless,
with
the
time
passing
by,
this
freshness
will
gradually
be
weakened
or
even
disappeared.
Neologism
is
a
comparative
concept.
Soon
after
a
neologism
has
been
put
into
use,
people
will
adapt
to
its
use.
The
freshness
of
the
neologism
will
exist
for
a
period
of
time.
The
freshness
of
a
neologism
will
fade
after
being
used
for
a
period
of
time,
and
no
longer
is
it
a
neologism
finally.
For
example,
as
the
time
passes
by,
these
words
can
hardly
be
found
“寻呼机”
“大哥大”
“上山下乡”.3.2
Freshness
in
Semantic
Meaning
People
usually
tend
to
regard
those
new
words
which
newly
come
into
being
as
neologisms.
Seen
from
the
semantic
perspective,
neologisms
can
also
imply
new
meanings
of
established
words.
The
spellings
of
the
words
remain
the
same,
but
their
meanings
are
no
longer
what
they
used
to
be.
For
example,
“红包”originally
means
red
bag,
but
nowadays,
it
is
used
to
refer
a
red
envelope
containing
money
as
a
gift
or
stand
for
secret
bribe;
the
word
“八卦”
is
the
name
of
an
eight-sided
diagram
derived
from
the
famous
Chinese
classic
“Yi
Jing”(Book
of
Changes)
at
the
beginning.
It
is
now
often
used
to
describe
gossip
or
gossipy
people.

3.3
transformation
from
Abbreviations
The
fast-pacing
modern
society
requires
conciseness
and
briefness
of
language
to
make
it
easier
to
use.
The
meanings
of
some
neologisms
are
quite
complicated
and
the
full
expressions
are
too
long
to
bear
in
mind.
As
a
result
the
abbreviations
are
coming
into
being
frequently,
which
make
the
neologisms
more
readily
read
and
easily
memorized.
For
instance,
“保修、包换、包赔”
(three
guarantees
for
repair,
replacement
or
compensation
for
faulty
products)
is
abbreviated
into
“s
三包”.
By
this
way,
when
referring
to
it,
we
can
save
much
effort
to
replace
the
long
phrase
by
two
words.
What’s
more,
“农转非”
for
“由农村户口转为城市户口”(to
change
rural
residence
registration
to
a
city,
town
or
other
non-rural
registration),
“海归”
for
“海外归国留学生”(returned
overseas
students)
and
“严打”
for
“依法从严、从重、从快地打击各种刑事犯罪活动”(of
police
launching
a
crackdown
on
crimes)
and
so
on.3.4
Culture
Loaded

China
boasts
a
long
history
of
five
thousand
years
as
well
as
splendid
civilization.
During
such
a
long
period
of
time,
China’s
special
living
environment,
ways
of
life
and
thinking,
featured
religions
and
historical
background
have
planted
a
unique
characteristic
in
Chinese
neologisms.That’s
to
say,
they
are
heavily
culture-loaded.
Developed
through
the
long
history,
the
words
and
expressions
reflect
China’s
rich
cultural
heritage
and
embodied
Chinese
special
lifestyle.
For
instance,
at
first
“二进宫”
means
something
related
to
Beijing
opera,
but
now
it
conveys
the
meaning
of
“people
with
a
past
criminal
record
committing
a
crime
again,
and
is
convicted
and
put
into
correctional
institution”.
Neologisms
such
as
“二进宫”
are
rich
in
cultural
connotation
and
mirror
social
and
political
culture
of
the
current
times.
Chinese
neologisms
embrace
the
four
main
characteristics
above.
It
is
just
because
of
their
unique
characteristics
that
the
Chinese
neologisms
are
not
easy
to
translate.
Thus,
we
should
adopt
a
scientific
theory
framework
to
guide
the
demanding
translation
task.
In
the
following
part,
the
author
will
employ
functional
equivalence
as
theory
guidance
to
instruct
the
translation
of
neologism
and
discuss
elaborately
the
theory
in
terms
of
its
origin,
development,
and
research
status.

4.
Existing
Problems
in
Translating
Chinese
Neologisms
into
English
Language
is
just
like
a
mirror
which
reflects
the
nation’s
politics,
economy
and
culture
of
a
certain
period
of
time.
The
remarkable
achievements
made
in
various
fields
by
the
society
will
certainly
bring
out
more
neologisms.
Faced
with
the
task
of
translating
Chinese
neologisms
into
English,
translators
are
responsible
for
translating
them
into
idiomatic
English
and
at
the
same
time
maintaining
the
Chinese
culture
in
order
to
get
foreigners
familiar
with
the
current
situation
and
development
of
China.
Nevertheless,
it
is
a
major
headache
how
to
translate
them
correctly
and
idiomatically,
for
the
two
languages
have
their
respective
characteristics
and
represent
the
specific
culture
of
their
own
nations.
This
may
explain
why
there
are
so
many
mistranslations
or
failures
in
translation.
Accordingly,
the
author
intends
to
make
an
analysis
of
the
failures
and
mistranslations
of
Chinese
neologisms,
and
there
are
five
aspects
listed
as
follows.

Chinglish
in
translation
In
the
process
of
translating,
quite
a
few
Chinese
English
learners
just
attach
great
importance
to
the
superficial
meaning
of
the
words
and
fail
to
take
the
different
though
patterns
into
consideration.
As
a
result,
Chinglish
appears.
During
the
process
of
translating
Chinese
neologisms,
the
problem
of
Chinglish
remains
very
serious.
The
Chinese
expression
“吃皇粮”
is
better
to
be
translated
into
“to
have
a
stable
job
and
fixed
wages
in
the
government
office”
rather
than
“to
eat
emperor’s
rice”.
“合同工”
translate
into
“worker
under
contract
employment
system”
is
better
than
“contract
labor”.
Another
example,
if
“豆腐渣工程”
is
translated
literally
into
“bean
curd
residue
project”,
it
is
typical
Chinglish,
because
the
translator
fail
to
give
consideration
to
the
figure
of
speech
of
its
actual
meaning
and
the
thinking
patterns
of
target
readers.
“豆腐渣工程”
usually
refers
to
a
kind
of
substandard
construction
which
is
of
low
quality
and
easy
to
be
damaged
due
to
shoddy
work,
inadequate
design
or
saving
illegally
on
material
and
labor.
“Jelly-built”
is
a
derogatory
term
for
“quickly
and
cheaply
built
without
concerns
for
the
quality”.
Hence,
it
is
feasible
to
be
translated
into
“jelly-built
project”,
for
“jelly-built”
achieves
the
closest
natural
response
to
“豆腐渣”.
However,
in
a
report
from
the
International
Herald
Tribune,
“豆腐渣工程”
is
literally
translated
into
“bean
curd
project”
with
an
interpreting
“so
named
because
they
are
easily
fall
apart”.
Combining
literal
and
figurative
translation
strategies
together
not
only
maintains
the
Chinese
characteristic
but
clearly
expresses
its
meaning
to
the
receptor
of
target
language.
Thus,
the
functional
equivalence
is
achieved
and
the
setbacks
of
Chinglish
are
avoided
to
the
fullest
degree.Misunderstanding
and
Mistranslation
In
the
process
of
C-E
translation,
due
to
the
lack
of
complete
understanding
of
the
target
language,
and
the
impact
of
their
mother
tongue
on
the
target
language,
many
inexperienced
translator
will
apply
the
vocabulary
and
grammar
of
their
native
language
mechanically
to
the
translation
and
thus
leads
to
the
frequent
occurrence
of
mistranslation.
Only
if
the
translators
get
a
full
understanding
of
the
source
text
can
they
be
able
to
obtain
the
closet
natural
equivalence.
And
a
full
comprehension
demands
a
detailed
analysis
of
origins
of
the
source
text,
semantic
and
pragmatic
meanings
and
each
aspect
that
may
exert
influence
on
the
result
of
translation.
As
Chinese
is
our
mother
tongue,
some
translators
are
too
assured
that
they
understand
totally
the
source
texts,
but
in
real
translation,
misunderstanding
is
common
occurrence.
For
example,
once
someone
has
translated“三陪”
into
“three
company
services”.
It
is
obviously
cannot
arouse
functional
equivalence
because
it
doesn’t
convey
the
word’s
true
meaning
at
all.
At
reading
“three
company
services”,
the
receptors
will
not
know
it
has
anything
to
do
with
the
“escort
girl”.
From
this
point
of
view,
translator
should
pay
attention
to
drawing
a
deeper
and
exact
comprehension
of
the
source
text
in
order
to
produce
a
more
accurate
and
intelligible
translation.Neglect
of
Culture
English
and
Chinese
are
carriers
of
the
two
distinct
cultures
which
are
different
from
each
other.
The
greatest
difficulty
in
translation
is
the
cultural
difference.
Translation
will
be
constantly
influenced,
either
explicitly
or
implicitly,
by
culture.
So
in
the
course
of
translating,we
should
betaken
into
account
to
avoid
misunderstanding.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
however,
it
is
not
uncommon
that
the
influence
of
culture
on
translation
has
been
neglected.
Take
“吃香”
as
an
example.
It
is
no
easy
to
find
a
counterpart
in
English
which
is
equivalent
in
both
form
and
meaning.
The
literal
translation
“to
eat
fragrance”
cannot
convey
the
original
meaning
lucidly.
Obviously,
it
fails
to
take
the
cultural
differences
between
the
two
countries
into
account
and
will
be
unreadable
to
the
receptors
that
have
no
idea
of
Chinese
culture.
For
this
reason,
it
is
necessary
to
focus
attention
on
the
Chinese
flavor
of
this
word
and
seek
the
most
equivalent
version.
So
it
is
better
to
translate
into
“be
very
popular”
or
“be
much
sought
after”.
Similar
examples
are
“傍大款”
and
“煲电话粥”.
If
translated
into
“find
a
rich
man”
and
“chat
for
a
long
time
on
the
phone”
respectively,
they
are
of
no
colloquial
flavor.
The
English
slang
“find
a
sugar
daddy”
and
“shoot
the
breeze
on
the
phone”
may
be
to
the
point.

Redundancy
in
translation
The
problem
of
redundancy
remains
serious
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologism.
There
are
two
major
reasons
for
the
problem
of
redundancy.
One
is
that
the
translator’s
understanding
of
the
target
language
is
far
from
enough.The
other
reason
is
that
some
Chinese
neologisms
have
no
equivalent
counterpart
in
English
and
their
connotative
meanings
cannot
be
fully
expressed
by
literal
translation.
Only
by
free
translation
can
the
meaning
be
transferred
to
the
receptors,
which
may
result
in
redundancy.
In
this
case,
attention
should
be
paid
to
the
concise
and
idiomatic
translation
of
target
language.
Some
English
words
containing
both
denotative
and
connotative
meanings
can
express
the
meaning
of
Chinese
phrases.
For
example,
“社会主义荣辱观”
has
once
been
translated
into
“the
socialist
maxims
of
honor
and
disgrace”,
actually,
it
mainly
talks
about
moral
standard,
thus
maybe
“socialist
morality”
(morality:
a
system
of
ideas
of
right
and
wrong
conduct)
is
more
readable
and
intelligible
for
English
receptors.
Another
examples
“弱势群体”,
if
it
is
translated
into
the
disadvantaged
group,
the
word
group
seems
to
be
redundant
here.
And
if
“
经济适用房
”
is
translated
into
economically
affordable
housing,
“economically”
is
redundant
here,
because
the
word
“affordable”
in
itself
contains
the
meaning
of
“economical”.False
Friend
In
C-E
translation,
“False
Friend”
refers
to
a
kind
of
words,
phrases
and
expressions
which
seem
to
be
correct
in
grammar
but
do
not
conform
to
the
Standard
English
expressions
because
of
the
interference
of
Chinese.
Although
the
target
reader
may
get
the
rough
idea
of
the
meanings,
they
can
never
accept
them.
Nida
put
forward
that
false
friends
are
“words
which
seem
to
be
identical
in
form
and
meaning
but
which
involves
subtle
differences,
especially
in
associative
meaning”.
Therefore,
special
attention
should
be
paid
to
get
rid
of
these
false
friends.
For
instance,
“裸婚”
may
be
translated
into
“naked
marriage”
by
some
beginners,
which
is
grammatically
correct.
However,
it
doesn’t
conform
to
the
daily
expression
of
English
speakers.
So
it
is
better
to
change
the
word
“naked”
into
“bare-handed”.
Another
example,
if
the
Chinese
word
“潜规则”
is
translated
literally
into
“potential
rules”,
we
can
imagine
the
puzzled
facial
expression
of
the
target
reader.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
the
Chinese
character
“潜”in
“潜规则”
does
have
the
equivalent
meaning
to
the
English
word
“potential”.
However,
the
English
expression
“unspoken
rules”
can
convey
the
connotative
meaning
of
this
popular
Chinese
word.
5.
Strategies
for
Chinese
Neologisms
Translation
Because
of
the
Chinese
neologisms’
unique
characteristics,
two
aspects
are
involved
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
to
achieve
“the
closest
natural
equivalence”,
and
the
two
aspects
are
meanings
and
functions.
Nida
firmly
believes
that
the
purpose
of
translation
lies
in
the
response
of
the
receptor
in
communication,
and
“this
response
must
then
be
compared
with
the
way
in
which
the
original
receptors
presumably
reacted
to
the
message
when
it
is
given
in
its
original
setting.”
What’s
more,
Nida
holds
that
the
maximal
level
of
equivalence
is
just
an
ideal
which
is
only
to
be
approached
rather
than
achieved,
and
the
equivalence
can
only
be
understood
in
terms
of
proximity.
Consequently,
there
is
no
universal
strategy
fit
for
all
translations,
but
various
approaches.
In
this
paper,
seven
strategies
will
be
analyzed
in
detail.

5.1
Literal
Translation
Literal
translation
refers
to
translating
the
meaning
of
cultural
terms
according
to
their
literal
forms
with
little
change
in
its
original
form.
It
is
one
of
the
most
important
strategies
that
can
be
adopted
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms.
Nida
holds
that
if
designative
and
associated
meaning
can
be
achieved
by
literal
translation,
it
is
not
necessary
to
adjust
the
form.
As
what
has
been
pointed
out
by
Peter
Newmark
,
literal
translation
is
the
first
step
in
translation,
and
a
good
translator
abandons
a
literal
version
only
when
it
is
plainly
inexact
or,
in
the
case
of
a
vocative
or
informative
text,
badly
written.
A
bad
translator
will
always
do
his
best
to
avoid
translating
word
for
word.
For
one
thing
by
employing
literal
translation
can
the
denotative
meaning
of
the
neologism
be
fully
rendered;
for
another
it
can
also
maintain
the
original
form
and
style
of
the
neologism.
By
means
of
literal
translation,
the
words
and
expressions
with
unique
Chinese
characteristics
can
be
directly
introduced
to
target
language
readers.
It
is
often
viewed
as
a
very
effective
method
to
introduce
the
unique
Chinese
culture
and
customs
to
the
outside
world.
With
the
help
of
literal
translation,
quite
a
lot
of
Chinese
neologisms
can
be
translated
into
English
directly.
Examples:
“富二代”:
affluent
second
generation
“愤青”:
young
cynic
“裸婚”:
naked
wedding
“炫富”:
flaunt
wealth
“犀利哥”:
brother
sharp
“团购”:
group
buying

“铁饭碗”:
iron
rice
bowl
“三个代表”:
Three
Represents
“黑哨”:
black
whistles
“廉租房”:
low
rent
housing
“空巢老人”:
empty
nesters
“纸老虎”:
paper
tiger
“爱心工程”:
Loving
Care
Project
“一国两制”:
one
country,
two
system
“新新人类”:
new-new
generation
“笑料”:
laughing
stock
Nevertheless,
literal
translation
is
not
omnipotent,
and
it
also
has
limitations.
Only
the
superficial
and
denotative
meaning
can
be
rendered
into
English
without
taking
the
connotative
or
underlying
meanings
into
full
account.
So
whether
the
receptor
can
get
a
full
understanding
of
the
translated
words
or
expressions
remain
a
question.
It
is
fit
for
those
words
which
are
not
so
rich
in
culture
connotation
or
don’t
have
strong
Chinese
characteristics.
If
translating
the
cultural
meaning
and
connotative
meaning
is
of
great
necessity,
literal
translation
with
adding
or
interpreting
will
be
employed.

5.2
Literal
Translation
with
Adding
or
Interpreting
Some
heavily
cultural-loaded
words
are
filled
with
Chinese
characteristics.
Therefore,
it
is
hard
to
find
equivalent
words
to
substitute
them.
Adopting
a
complete
free
translation
will
be
sure
to
damage
the
cultural
connotations.
Under
such
circumstances,
we
had
better
to
put
some
explanatory
to
make
up
for
the
lost
cultural
information
by
just
employing
literal
translation.
Examples:
“凤凰男”:
Phoenix
man,
a
man
born
poor
and
in
the
rural
area,
but
by
taking
great
pains
in
study,
later
moved
to
a
big
city
and
brought
hope
to
the
whole
family
“三通”:
the
three
direct
cross-Strait
links,
namely
mail,
transportation,
and
trade
“三包”:
three
guarantee,
for
repair
replacement
and
compensation
of
faulty
products
“三无产品”:
three-no-enterprises,
enterprises
with
no
capital,
no
plant,
and
no
administrative
structure
“空嫂”:
air
lady,
a
attendant
on
a
plane
who
has
got
married
“黑哨”:
black
whistle,
a
metaphor
for
an
unfair
decision
of
a
judge
who
is
partial
or
has
been
bribed
“复读生”:
return
and
repeat
student----
students
re-attending
classes
after
failing
the
college
entrance
examination
“绿色食品”:
green
food,
food
which
contains
no
toxic
or
harmful
elements
for
human
health
“豆腐渣工程”:
beancurd
project,
so
named
because
they
fall
apart
easily

5.3
Transliteration
Transliteration
is
a
kind
of
translation
strategy
which
directly
uses
the
Chinese
pronunciation
and
phonetic
alphabet
to
translate
the
neologisms.
This
method
is
employed
to
translate
words
or
expressions
which
are
unique
to
the
source
language
culture,
especially
the
names
of
people,
places
or
brand
names
which
do
not
have
correspondent
counterparts
in
English.
These
words
or
expressions
are
usually
of
great
difficulties
to
render
into
English,
but
by
transliteration,
the
cultural
connotation
can
be
reserved
and
the
receptors
may
know
more
about
Chinese
culture.
Translating
the
name
of
the
mascots
of
Beijing
Olympics
in
2008
“福娃”
is
representative
example.
Ever
since
the
translated
version
“Friendlies”
was
announced
to
the
public,
it
has
aroused
heated
disputation.
Although
this
translated
name
can
actually
express
the
connotation
of
the
mascots,
it
is
lack
of
Chinese
flavor.
Later,
the
new
translated
English
name
“Fuwa”
is
officially
announced.
When
compared
with
the
previous
one,
the
transliterated
expression
“Fuwa”
can
better
express
the
cultural
connotations
and
underlying
meanings
of
the
Chinese
mascots.
The
transliterated
version
draws
attention
immediately
and
at
the
same
time
introduces
the
Chinese
cultural
image
to
the
outside
world
which
also
meets
the
demand
for
embodying
the
unique
Chinese
characteristics.
Other
examples:
“桑拿”:sauna,“便当”:bento,“豆腐”:
tofu
,“寿司”:
sushi,“比基尼”:bikini,“卡路里”:
calorie,“香槟”:
Champagne,“席梦思”:
Simmons
,“培根”:
bacon.
However,
sometimes
this
method
may
bring
difficulties
to
the
reader’s
understanding,
especially
when
the
cultural
term
is
totally
strange
to
the
receptors.
Therefore,
under
such
circumstances,
it
is
better
to
combine
this
strategy
with
other
methods,
such
as
adding
annotations,
paraphrasing
or
foot
notes.

5.4Transliteration
with
adding
or
Interpreting

This
method
refers
to
a
kind
of
strategy
in
which
the
original
pronunciation
is
preserved
and
at
the
same
time
the
true
meaning
of
life
is
revealed.
Some
Chinese
neologisms
with
strong
Chinese
characteristics
constitute
a
lexical
gap
in
target
language
culture
and
are
difficult
to
imagine,
so
it
is
better
to
employ
the
method
of
transliteration
with
adding
or
interpreting.
Example:

“江南丝竹”:
Jiangnan
Sizhu---the
silk
and
bamboo
music,
which
is
listed
as
one
of
China’s
intangible
cultural
heritages.

“关系”:
guanxi---social
relationships

“秧歌”:
yangko---a
popular
folk
dance
in
Northern
China

“红包”:
hongbao---a
red
envelop
usually
contains
money
as
a
gift

This
method
serves
better
when
conveying
the
unique
Chinese
flavor
and
information
to
the
receptors.
But
when
it
comes
to
a
wordy
expression,
it
will
bring
much
trouble
to
make
use
of
this
strategy.
5.5
Diversified
Translation
In
the
process
of
Chinese
neologism
translation,
one
cannot
provide
a
particular
way
of
translating,
especially
when
dealing
with
the
newly-created
neologism
and
no
official
version
is
offered,
or
the
expression
is
of
great
difficulties
to
fully
interpret.
Nida
believes
that
translators
should
consider
adopting
literal
translation
first
if
there
is
possibility.
But
when
formal
correspondence
causes
misunderstanding
or
even
make
no
senses,
translators
should
make
adjustments
to
the
form
of
source
language
to
achieve
functional
equivalence.
Therefore,
if
some
words
or
expressions
have
no
official
or
fixed
translated
versions,
it
will
be
up
to
the
translators
to
choose
their
way
of
translating
the
expressions.
We
can
look
at
the
following
examples:
“传销”:
pyramid-selling
(literal
translation
combined
with
free
translation)
“钻石王老五”:
diamond
bachelor
(literal
translation
combined
with
free
translation)
“限时抢购”:
flash
sale
(free
translation
combined
with
literal
translation)
“麦霸”:
Mic
king/
Mic
queen
(back
translation
combined
with
free
translation)
“桑拿天”:
sauna
weather
(back
translation
combined
with
literal
translation)
In
a
word,
the
strategies
analyzed
above
are
the
most
commonly
used
ones
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
into
English,
among
which
free
translation
is
the
most
widely
adopted
one,
for
the
target
language
readers
can
understand
and
adapt
to
them
relatively
easily.
However,
the
author
prefers
the
strategy
of
literal
translation
with
adding
or
interpreting
when
translating
neologisms
which
are
heavily
culture-loaded
or
with
strong
Chinese
characteristics.
By
means
of
literal
translation
with
adding
or
interpreting,
not
only
are
the
meanings
of
neologism
presented
to
the
receptor,
but
also
the
culture
contained
will
be
better
expressed.

6.
Conclusion
With
the
rapid
growth
of
China’s
comprehensive
national
strength
and
the
increase
of
her
international
status
and
influence,
China
is
playing
a
more
and
more
important
part
on
the
international
stage.
It
is,
undoubtedly,
high
time
that
we
introduced
the
Chinese
culture
to
the
outside
world.
On
the
basis
of
the
former
study
on
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms,
this
thesis
has
further
analyzed
the
same
topic
from
the
perspective
of
functional
equivalence.
The
translation
of
new
words
is
probably
the
most
difficult
task
for
non-literature
and
professional
translators.
By
means
of
qualitative
analysis,
the
author
hold
the
view
that
literal
translation,
literal
translation
with
adding
and
interpreting,
transliteration,
transliteration
with
adding
and
interpreting,
literal
translation
and
diversified
translation
are
the
most
popular
and
widely
used
translation
strategies
in
order
to
achieve,
as
much
as
possible,
functional
equivalence
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms.

With
a
great
deal
of
examples,
this
thesis
analyzes
the
formation
causes
of
Chinese
neologisms,
point
out
the
problems
in
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
and
proposes
six
strategies
of
translating
Chinese
neologisms
to
achieve
functional
equivalence.
As
the
answers
to
the
questions
put
forward
in
the
previous
chapter,
the
author
put
forward
that
if
the
readability
of
the
word
is
not
affected,
the
strategies
of
foreignization
should
be
considered
first
when
dealing
with
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
in
order
to
maintain
the
unique
characteristics
of
Chinese
culture
and
get
it
well
spread
all
over
the
world.
Research
on
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
into
English
is
a
dynamic
process;
translators
should
make
perseverant
efforts
in
exploring
new
principles
and
strategies
that
are
compatible
with
the
development
of
Chinese
neologisms
(Yang
Jingning,
2003).
The
author
expects
that
this
thesis
can
offer
food
for
thought
to
translators,
and
throw
away
a
brick
on
the
further
study
of
the
translation
of
Chinese
neologisms
into
English.
Bibliography:
[1]De
Waard,
Jan＆Eugene
A.
Nida.
From
One
Language
to
Another:
Functional
Equivalence
in
Bible
Translating
[M].
New
York:
Nelson,
1986.
[2]Kramsch,
Clair.
Language
and
Culture
[M].Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2000.
[3]Newmark,
Peter.
Approaches
to
Translation
[M].
Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2001.
[4]Newmark,
Peter.
A
Textbook
to
Translation
[M].Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2001.
[5]Nida,
Eugene.A.
Toward
a
Science
of
Translation
[M].Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2004.
[6]Nida,
Eugene
A.
Culture
and
Translating
[M].Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
1993.
[7]Nida,
Eugene
A.＆Charles
R.
Taber.
The
Theory
and
Practice
of
Translation
[M].Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2004.
[8]
Nida,
Eugene
A.＆Charles
R.
Taber.
The
Theory
and
Practice
of
Translation
[M].United
Bible
Societies,
1982.
[9]Shawn,
Holley.
The
New
Word
Revolution
[M].Beijing:
Tsinghua
University
Press,
2000.
[10]Snell-Hornby,
Mary.
Translation
Studies:
An
Integrated
Approach
[M].
Shanghai:
Shanghai
Foreign
Language
Education
Press,
2001.
[1]贾文波：
《汉语时文翻译教程》[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004
[2]杨京宁,王琪：《汉语新词新语词源探析及英译》[J].安徽大学学报,2003,(4)
[3]陈琼：《汉语新词英译策略》[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学),2010,(2)
[4]
高永伟：《谈谈汉语新词翻译中的两大问题》[J].上海科技翻译,2003,(2)
[5]
郝婷婷：《论汉语新词语的英译》[J].山西财经大学学报,2006,(2)
《汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文》出自：卡耐基范文网
链接地址：http://m.gjknj.com/duwu/342952.html 转载请保留,谢谢!